Salary Negotiation Tactics for College Students

Compensation Negotiation Tactics for College Students Your training was an important speculation. You have to walk the stroll so as to use it and get the pay you merit. On the off chance that you have never had a profession, it very well may be threatening to arrange your compensation with expected managers. Get your work done, at that point aim high with these exchange strategies that make certain to assist you with building up a compensation rate you are OK with. Research Salaries Within the Company On the off chance that it is at all conceivable to discover how much others inside the association are making, do as such. Discover as much as possible about any positions like yours and the experience, in the event that you can, of the laborers carrying out the responsibility. Now and again this part can be precarious since monetary data can be viewed as an individual private issue. Some of the time you can discover charge data about the association and that's it. If so, simply use it as something to think about as you discover progressively about what you’re worth. You can possibly come close this to other comparative organizations and make instructed surmises about what’s sensible. Look Into Salary Averages in Your Local and Regional Area Inside your set of working responsibilities, you ought to have the option to discover compensation midpoints, both in your city and in your district. This is the place looking at organization benefits may prove to be useful. For instance, on the off chance that you are going after a job at an organization that is on the lower end of the benefit scale, you shouldn’t request a similar pay as the most noteworthy normal in your general vicinity. All things considered, you ought to request less. Ensure You’ve Come Across as an Exceptional Candidate In the event that you’re now in the game, you definitely realize this organization likes you, yet have you totally wowed them? Accomplish something that will make way for your exchange, making you stand apart from every single other competitor, and show your boss that they don't need you getting past them. This is the way to use appearing as your best self and ensuring that has been perceived. You don’t accomplish this by being pompous, yet you don’t get it by being unassuming either. Attempt to discover an issue the association is confronting, realizes they are confronting, and understand it for them. Administration is the most ideal approach to enhance any circumstance. Grow the Proposal Beyond Monetary Compensation Remember to consider advantages, for example, a human services bundle, excursion time, office with a window, new telephone, telecommute days, business ledgers for movement, and so on. You can’t be excessively imaginative with this, however remain sensible. For whatever you are asking, you ought to incorporate reasons, in your proposition, why the things would assist you with carrying out your responsibility. Use Facts in Your Negotiation When you have the real factors, record them in a way that is clear, reasonable, and never requesting. Businesses will need to see precisely how you thought of your proposed rate, particularly since you have no related knowledge. Answer any inquiries they may have before they pose, particularly why you may need the sum you’re requesting. At that point, keep modifying your proposition the same number of times as you have to feel extraordinary about it. Once you’ve got the correct proposition, the one you like (Don’t go through weeks on this, since you need it done so as to begin working as quickly as possible.), present it to the organization such that you figure they will like. Send it to the proper individual for audit in an arrangement that is suitable for the company’s size and how bustling the recruiting staff appears. The most ideal situation is to ask how they would incline toward you present your proposition, regardless of whether this be face to face or by means of email, and so on. Most importantly you shouldn’t let the possibility of exchange threaten you to the point of passing up what you merit. By doing intensive research and arranging, you should discover the certainty to discover the compensation you need and need absent a lot of pressure.

How to Combat Inflation Free Essays

Proposals Based on the outcomes produced from the numerous relapse examination of this exploration, there are not many suggestions that can be actualized to battle the expansion in Malaysian economy. The proposals are: 1. Malaysia government should concentrate on delivering send out products than bringing in merchandise from different nations so as to energize energy about Ringgit Malaysia cash esteem. We will compose a custom exposition test on Step by step instructions to Combat Inflation or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Thusly, it will diminish the expansion rate and trigger the buying capacity to different monetary standards to be specific, dollar, euro and pound. This is on the grounds that nations with high expansion rate will encounter deterioration in their money. Be that as it may, despite the fact that the ringgit thankfulness can lessen the import costs, shoppers may not ready to get the advantage from the decrease. As per Central Bank, the enthusiastic energy about ringgit money can hinder the fare seriousness that can legitimately affect salary and debilitate household request. 2. Gross domestic product and CPI is legitimately sway one another. Pay is balanced by the CPI level. So as to decrease the swelling rate, government should screen the development of GDP. In the event that GDP is increment excessively quick, CPI additionally will increment excessively quick and therefore, increment the average cost for basic items. Also, the legislature is more slow than the market, making it practically outlandish for government to stay aware of the salary alterations expected to give great personal satisfaction to Malaysians. 3. It is Central Bank duty to choose the most proper store rate to be forced on target savers. One of the approaches to decrease the expansion rate in Malaysia is by expanding the store rate so individuals will spare more and spends less. Increment in store rate can demoralize acquiring, and some way or another decrease the customer spending and therefore diminish the swelling rate. The most effective method to refer to How to Combat Inflation, Essay models

Finding Your Place...

Finding Your Place... Applying to college is one of the most stressful experiences I have had to go through. Another stress-ridden experience I’ve had to go through was trying to decide where I was going to spend the next four years of my life. The pressure of picking the place where you’re going to spend “the best four years of your life” or “where you’re going to earn your degree” is overwhelming. So, I thought making a list of things seniors should know when trying to decide on which college they should attend might help. You may not get accepted into your dream school.   While disappointing at first, don’t let it affect your attitude of the whole college application process. Explore every possible option.   Look at a variety of schools with a variety of majors. Many students change their majors, so you want to make sure the school you are choosing is diverse in every aspect. Look at the big picture.   How much debt could you incur by attending College A instead of College B? Do you want to go to grad school? Consider finances, programs, location, size, campus safety, dorm life and food, class sizes/student-to-faculty ratio, culture, national ranking, etc. Distance is more important than you think.   Are you going to take a car? If not, how are you planning on visiting home? How often do you want to visit home? Illinois is only two hours from my home, so it is far enough for me to feel independent but close enough for my parents to bring me snacks and other necessities if I run out, or even just if I want to go home for a weekend. Make your own decision and be confident in the choice you make.   This is the first “real” decision you get to make. So, follow your heart. While it’s important to listen to your parents advice, it’s also important to do what makes you happy. Also, many people commit to a college the same day they get accepted (which is what I did), which may make you feel pressured to make a quick decision. Don’t worry! You have until May 1, and it’s perfectly okay if you need to take until that day to decide where you want to go. You’re going to be happy you took your time to make a decision that was best for you. Nisha Class of 2022 The first time I visited Illinois, I knew that it was the school for me! I am on the pre-med track, majoring in Psychology in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Relevance of Human Resource to an Organisation - 2978 Words

THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION AND OPEN LEARNING PO. BOX KITWE NAME: TIMOTHY NSHIMBI P.O BOX 20515 KITWE STUDENT NO.:09175202 PROGRAME: BBA3 COURSE: HUMAN RESOURCE LABOR RELATIONS- BBA380 LECTURER: MR K.K.KAPIKA ASSIGNMENT :ONE DUE DATE:15TH SEPTEMBER 2012 Discuss the relevance of the Human Resource Management Department and the role that it plays in the organization. How developed is the Human Resource Management function in Zambian organizations from 1980 to date? Human resource management is the process of acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating employees and of attending to their labor relations, health and safety, and fairness concerns. A function performed in†¦show more content†¦representing and supporting employees; and, 4. acting as a change agent to prepare employees and implement processes for change within an organization. At the national level, Human Resource Management can help to support and enhance health-sector policies and practices to ensure a workforce whose staff, qualifications and placement are appropriately allocated. Organizations need to be able to accurately predict the human resource needs to maintain service delivery and improve access to care and quality of care. Staff training and development are driven by the need to bolster staff skills according to organizational competencies, goals and directions. Relationships with union officials need to be established and well maintained. Human Resource Management is responsible for participating in organizational capacity building; instituting new employee incentives; and re-shaping Human Resource Management policies, processes and procedures, supervision systems and job descriptions. Performance Improvement through Human Resource Management A solid Human Resource Management system provides the foundation for employee performance improvement. Performance improvement is a process for achieving individual and organizational results by identifying the key elements of strong performance, and then makingShow MoreRelatedThe Four Frames Models Model1376 Words   |  6 PagesModel was developed by Lee Bolman and Terrence Deal, and was first published in their 1984 book Reframing Organisations – Artistry, Choice and Leadership. In developing the model, Bolman and Deal attempt to answer the question, ‘What do we know about organisations and leadership that is genuinely relevant and useful to practitioners as well as scholars?’ They focus on leadership in organisations, ensuring that a balance between spirit and purpose, and control and hierarchy is established and maintainedRead MoreThe Concept Of Organisational Commitment Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees engaged and committed to their organisation. T here is, in fact, no single definition of Organisation commitment. Typically, though, the emphasis is on three factors such as (1) total trust in and strong acceptance of the organisation’s objectives, and values, (2) a willingness and personal interest to exert considerable effort to attain the goals and values of the particular organisation, (3) a strong desire to remain as member of the organisation (porter et al., 1974). Thus OrganisationalRead MoreRelevance of Fit Between Hr Strategy and Business Strategy1426 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to discuss the relevance of fit between HR strategy and Business strategy. Concept of ‘fit’ in strategic HRM Nadler and Tushman (1980) defined congruence or fit as the degree to which the needs demands, goals, objectives and/or structure of one component are consistent with the needs, demands, goals, objectives, and/or structure of another component† (as cited in Boon, 2008). 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What you advocate as the measures for dealing with identified limitations? Definition of Human Resource Management It is proposed that we take human resource management to be that part of management concerned with: All the decisions, strategies, factors, principles, operations, practices, functions, activities and methods related to the management of people as employees in any type of organisation (including small and micro enterprisesRead MoreHuman Resource Management Is The Function Within An Organization Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management can also be performed by line managers. Human resource management refers to the application of management principles to management of people in an organization. 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If you are currently working, you may wish to base it on the organisation which employs you. Can you provide a brief description of this organisation? (Please note you will not be marked on this; it is simply to provide your tutor with a brief outline.) AFRICAN HUMAN RESOURCE OF FRENCH SPEAKING ASSOCIATION ( AREFA) This is a local community

The Principles of Assessment in Learning and Development

Unit 301 - Understanding the principles and practices of assessment Learner Name: Steven Hoyle Understand the principles and requirements of assessment 1.1 - Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development The main purpose of assessment is to establish a person`s level of knowledge or skill in a particular field. This can take place before during or after a process of learning. The feedback given during this process is helpful to the learner to improve their performance as they progress with their work. Assessment is also a useful tool for employers to see whether employees are capable of performing their given roles. Assessment should be provided in an unbiased and objective manner regardless of personal†¦show more content†¦Simulation assessment is used when the vocation is of a dangerous or sensitive nature such as a fireman or bereavement councillor. Observing dangerous tasks are safer when simulated but do not provide the same degree of pressure as the real thing, similarly with sensitive issues it would not be appropriate to put a learner with someone in a distressed state. Recognised Prior Learning is useful where a learner has previously carried out some o f the required work for their qualification, saving a lot of time repeating work. This is provided the relevant evidence is made available to show the learning was achieved to the required level. Self assessment, witness testimony and peer assessment are all able to be done at the learners own pace saving time but they also require each other and other types of assessment to verify their authenticity that they were actually done by the learner. Products of work and projects again are great ways to assess a learner`s ability to produce a specified item and use research methods to obtain completion of work without the assessor or learner being in the same room when marked. But again these require other assessment methods such as peer assessment or a witness testimony in order to validate them. But at the same time these allow learners with difficulty in expressing themselves in certain ways to show their knowledge of the qualification. By making reasonable and relevant adjustment to learners needs in orderShow MoreRelatedEducational Psychology and Assessment1205 Words   |  5 PagesCertificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector - (Intensive) |Unit Title |CTLLS UNIT 3 - Principles Practice of Assessment | |Theory Assessment Number | | |Candidate Name |KEN PHILLIPS |Candidate Number | | |Date Issued | Read Morea1 assessor834 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the Principles and Practices of Assessment. 1. Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development The function of assessment in learning and development is primarily to provide a measure of the students progress. 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During the initial assessment the assessor must ensure the learner knowledge performance and practical skills. The assessor must ensure that the learning understands their course, The assessor must explain all the units to the learner and support them in choosing the most suited units for their learner. The assessor and the learner must decide on an assessment plan. SettingRead MoreTAQA 301 Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the principles and practices of assessment Assess criteria 1.1, 1.2 Description Define the key concepts and principles of assessment and explain its functions in learning and development. †¢ What is the purpose of assessment? †¢ What does assessment aim to achieve? †¢ How does assessment impact and relate with learning and development? †¢ Explain the definition of formative and summative assessment. †¢ Why is initial assessment important and how and when should an initial assessment be completedRead MoreUnit D6015313 Assess Workbook851 Words   |  4 Pagesthe principles and practices of assessment Assessment Workbook Learner Name:  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­_________________________________________________ Assessor Name: _________________________________________________ 1.1 Explain the function of assessment in learning and development What is the function of assessment in learning and development? Answer Assessor Feedback (if required) 1.2 Define the key concepts and principles ofRead MoreAssessment For Learning And Assessment Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesFormative assessment is concerned with two concepts - assessment for teaching and learning and assessment for learning. As identified by Cowie and Bell (1999), two models of formative assessment are used - planned formative assessment and interactive formative assessment. In this essay I will be focussing on assessment for learning and interactive formative assessment only. Assessment for learning involves assessment tasks or activities that are intended to improve and accelerate learning (SadlerRead MoreA New Revised Framework For Teachers Competency With Technology That Expands Mishra And Koeler s Tpack Framework867 Words   |  4 Pagesexpands Mishra and Koeler’s TPACK framework by adding Learning Theory (Slota, Young, Choi, Lai, 2014). Although the TPACK framework proposed the way to understand how to integrate technology in the classroom as a unique body of knowledge, technology integration practice is, more often than not, thought of as a set of pedagogical skills or strategies to simply utilize technology in pursuit of effective instruction. Given the omission of learning theory from the teacher competency framework, it thusRead MoreAssessment and Quality Assurance Essay examples1221 Words   |  5 PagesTraining, Assessment, Quality Assurance (6317) Qualification Information Policy Statement It has come to our attention that the acron ym TAQA has been adopted by a private training provider as their company name. The TAQA acronym has been used by City Guilds since early in 2010 to represent the group of Training Assessment and Quality Assurance qualifications which were launched in September 2010. 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Franklin Delano Roosevelt The Savior of America Free Essays

It seems that everyone knows what these three simple letters mean. FDR, which stands for Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was the 32nd President of the United States, the savior of America during mid-20th century, also the hero of mine. As we all know, FDR, known as Franklin D. We will write a custom essay sample on Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Savior of America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Roosevelt, is the only president of the United States who was elected to more than 2 terms and up to 4 terms. It’s not so hard to find out that the reason for being the one elected to 4 terms is leading the whole nation overcome the worldwide economic crisis and the World War II. In this essay, I am going to discuss how FDR leaded America pull through the economic crisis which happened in 1927 and what FDR did for fighting against the Fascists with the Allies. First of all, I would like to talk about the worldwide economic crisis. It is known to us all that the Great Depression caused by the economic crisis in 1927 destroyed the whole economy of the world, not only the United States, but also the whole Europe and some parts of Asia including Britain, France, Germany, Japan, etc. It was like a domino effect, all the countries sank into the abyss from which no one can escape. At the beginning of the Great Depression, President Herbert Hoover who was the one before Roosevelt started plenty of programs for reversing the down, but unfortunately all of those failed. Even the worse, the economy and the society turned into a worse condition, and that time became even harder either. At that time, the rate of unemployment and the rate of crime went up, whereas the standard of living went down, and so a huge number of citizens in the United States could no longer live their normal life as before. During that hard time, a lot of people became homeless and died from starvation and disease while another part of people would rather suicide themselves. Finally, Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the election of 1932 and became the 32nd president of the United States. In his Inaugural speech, he encouraged the whole nation with the words that only thing we have to fear is fear itself. And then, in his â€Å"First Hundred days† in office, he started a new series of economic programs named the New Deal which contained Relief, which aimed at protecting the poor and providing jobs to those people who was unemployed, Recovery, whose goal was recovery of the economy to normal levels, and Reform which means rebuilding the economic system to avoid a repeat depression. To support his New Deal, he also passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the agricultural adjustment act, the Social Security Act, and so on which opened a new era. Because of all of those, the economy of America began to recover. That’s the evidence which can prove that it was Roosevelt who helped the United States get out of stuck. Second of all, Roosevelt also made a declaration of war with Japan which meant the United States officially participate in World War II and became a member of the Allies fighting against Germany and Japan. In fact, the United States Congress passed The Neutrality Acts in the 1930s which limited the help from the United States to aid Britain against Nazi Germany. Because of that, Roosevelt opposed the acts and tried to find various ways to assist the Allies. Before the participation of the United States, Roosevelt signed the Atlantic Charter with Winston Churchill, who was the British Prime Minister at that time, and then gave a strong financial support to both China and Britain to fight against the Fascists. On the following day when Japanese attacked on Pearl Harbor, he made a speech calling December 7, when Hawaii Operation took place, â€Å"a date which will live in infamy†. That meant it’s the end of the Neutrality Acts and the beginning of the participation of the United States. After America’s participating, the aspect of World War II has been totally changed, especially after Normandy landings. In the Pacific, The Battle of Midway became the most significant turning point in World War II which caused the cooperation between Japan and America change a lot. At last, as everybody knows, the Axis collapsed, while the Allies got victory. It’s so easy to tell that how Roosevelt contributed to the victory of Allies. While there are still some people hold a point of view that Roosevelt needs to be blamed because he had known some details about the plan that Japanese attacked on Pearl Harbor before that happened but he kept that as a secret and then he allow that tragedy happened in order to rouse the nation for participation to the war. However, the opinion is wrong because World War II was a disaster for all the human beings, while the participation of the United States let the Allies get the final victory and end the war. We should not abuse Roosevelt but thank him because he let us have a peace world. Whereas there are still some people holding another idea as Charles Dorn did that FDR did effectively eliminate one global threat – but left us with decades of cold war. I have to say what he thought is right but that is also the thing no one can avoid. Moss Roberts points out that â€Å"The empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. † After defeating the same enemy – the fascist, the United States of America and the Soviet Union turned into enemies because of the different profits of two nations. Actually, the cold war is the best way to solve the problem caused by different profits, compared with wars or battles. In conclusion, Roosevelt is not only the savior of the United States but also the savior of the whole world. He saved America’s economy from the abysm and then saved the world from being destroyed by the Fascists. As the article Visit Little White House to step back into FDR’s time said, â€Å"His ‘Fireside Chats’ heard over the radio were as popular as the ‘Grand Old Opry’ or Joe Louis’ prize fights. His â€Å"So help us God† speech at the beginning of World War II pulled the nation together. Then later, when word came that he had died, grown men cried unashamedly in public beside their wives. † We can easily figure out that FDR himself and the things he did are all unforgettable to every single American who overcame that hard time. Thanks to Roosevelt, we can have a developed America; thanks to Roosevelt, we can have a peaceful world even though there are still a lot of skirmishes in the world. How to cite Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Savior of America, Essay examples

Violence in Media Entertainment Essay Example

Violence in Media Entertainment Essay Media Violence – Introduction The debate over media violence has eluded definitive answers for more than three decades. At first blush, the debate is dominated by one question—whether or not media violence actually causes real-life violence. But closer examination reveals a political battle. On the one hand, there are those who blame media violence for societal violence and want to censor violent content to protect children. On the other hand are those who see regulation as the slippery slope to censorship or a smokescreen hiding the root causes of violence in society. One thing is certain: the issue of media violence is not going away. Increasingly the debate is focusing on the culture of violence, and on the normalization of aggression and lack of empathy in our society. This section describes how the depiction of violence is evolving in a number of media formats. It analyses how, and why, violence is used by the entertainment and information industries. It offers an overview of research findings, an outline of government responses to the issue, and a look at some of the key arguments in the debate. It also explores the role that media education can play in helping young people to put media violence into perspective. Throughout the section, there are links to seminal articles, reports and surveys on the issue. Violence in Media Entertainment Between 2000 B. C. and 44 A. D. , the ancient Egyptians entertained themselves with plays re-enacting the murder of their god Osiris and the spectacle, history tells us, led to a number of copycat killings. The ancient Romans were given to lethal spectator sports as well, and in 380 B. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Media Entertainment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Media Entertainment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Media Entertainment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Saint Augustine lamented that his society was addicted to gladiator games and drunk with the fascination of bloodshed. Violence has always played a role in entertainment. But theres a growing consensus that, in recent years, something about media violence has changed. For one thing, theres more of it. Laval University professors Guy Paquette and Jacques de Guise studied six major Canadian television networks over a seven-year period, examining films, situation comedies, dramatic series, and childrens programming (though not cartoons). The study found that between 1993 and 2001, incidents of physical violence increased by 378 per cent. TV shows in 2001 averaged 40 acts of violence per hour. Francophone viewers experienced the greatest increase. Although physical violence on the three anglophone networks in the study increased by 183 per cent, on their francophone counterparts it increased by 540 per cent. One network, TQS, accounted for just under half (49 per cent) of all the physical violence on the networks studied. Paquette and de Guise also identified a disturbing increase in psychological violence, especially in the last two years. The study found that incidents of psychological violence remained relatively stable from 1993 to 1999, but increased 325 per cent from 1999 to 2001. Such incidents now occur more frequently than physical violence on both francophone and anglophone networks. Canadians are also heavily influenced by American programming. Paquette and de Guise found that over 80 per cent of the TV violence aired in Canada originates in the U. S. They speculate that francophone networks and stations may have a higher incidence of violence because they broadcast more movies, and this, in turn may be due to lower production budgets. Canadian-made violence is most likely to appear on private networks, which broadcast three times as many violent acts as public networks do. Overall, 87. 9 per cent of all violent acts appear before 9 p. m. , and 39 per cent air before 8 p. m. at a time when children are likely to be watching. More Graphic, More Sexual, More Sadistic Other research indicates that media violence has not just increased in quantity; it has also become much more graphic, much more sexual, and much more sadistic. Explicit pictures of slow-motion bullets exploding from peoples chests, and dead bodies surrounded by pools of blood, are now commonplace fare. Millions of viewers worldwide, many of them children, watch female World Wrestling Entertainment wrestlers try to tear out each others hair and rip off each others clothing. And one of the top-selling video games in the world, Grand Theft Auto, is programmed so players can beat prostitutes to death with baseball bats after having sex with them. The Globalization of Media Concerns about media violence have grown as television and movies have acquired a global audience. When UNESCO surveyed children in 23 countries around the world in 1998, it discovered that 91 per cent of children had a television in their home and not just in the U. S. , Canada and Europe, but also in the Arab states, Latin America, Asia and Africa. More than half (51 per cent) of boys living in war zones and high-crime areas chose action heroes as role models, ahead of any other images; and a remarkable 88 per cent of the children surveyed could identify the Arnold Schwarzenegger character from the filmTerminator. UNESCO reported that the Terminator seems to represent the characteristics that children think are necessary to cope with difficult situations. Violence Without Consequences or Moral Judgment The notion of violence as a means of problem solving is reinforced by entertainment in which both villains and heroes resort to violence on a continual basis. The Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA), which has studied violence in television, movies and music videos for a decade, reports that nearly half of all violence is committed by the good guys. Less than 10 per cent of the TV shows, movies and music videos that were analyzed contextualized the violence or explored its human consequences. The violence was simply presented as justifiable, natural and inevitable the most obvious way to solve the problem. PG: Parental Guidance? Busy parents who want to protect their children from media violence have a difficult task before them. The CMPA found that violence appears on all major televis ion networks and cable stations, making it impossible for channel surfers to avoid it. Nightly news coverage has become another concern. In spite of falling crime rates across North America, disturbing images of violent crime continue to dominate news broadcasting. As news shows compete with other media for audiences, many news producers have come to rely on the maxim: If it bleeds, it leads. Violence and death, they say, keep the viewer numbers up. Good news doesnt. As well, movie ratings are becoming less and less trustworthy in terms of giving parents real guidance on shows with unsuitable content. PG-13 movies tend to make more money than R-rated films, and as a result, the industry is experiencing a ratings creep: shows that the Motion Picture Association of America would once have rated R are now being rated as PG-13, in order to increase box-office profits and rental sales. In movie theatres, there is some control over who watches what. But at home, theres little to stop children from watching a restricted movie on one of the many emerging specialty channels. Kids may also have access to adult video games at the local video store. In December 2001, the U. S. Federal Trade Commission reported that retailers allowed 78 per cent of unaccompanied minors, ages 13 to 16, to purchase video games rated mature. To make supervision even more problematic, American children often have their own entertainment equipment. According to the Annenberg Public Policy Center, 57 per cent of kids aged 8 to 16 have TVs in their bedrooms, and 39 per cent have gaming equipment. A Youth Subculture of Violence While many parents are concerned about the graphic violence and put-down humour in many kids shows, theres a growing subculture of violence that parental radar often misses. Music and Music Videos Music and music videos are pushing into new and increasingly violent territory. When singer Jordan Knight, formerly of the popular New Kids on the Block group, released a solo album in 1999, Canadian activists called for a boycott of the album because it included a song advocating date rape. And when the controversial rap artist Eminem came to Toronto in 2000, politicians and activists unsuccessfully called for the government to bar him from the country, on the grounds that his violent lyrics promoted hatred against women. For instance, his song Kim graphically depicts him murdering his wife; and Kill You describes how he plans to rape and murder his mother. In spite of (or perhaps because of) his promotion of violence, Eminem continues to be a commercial success. His Marshall Mathers release sold 679,567 copies in Canada in 2000, and was the years best-selling album. And The Eminem Show topped Canadian charts for months in 2002, selling, at one point, approximately 18,000 copies a week. Eminems success is not exceptional. Extremely violent lyrics have moved into the mainstream of the music industry. The Universal Music Group, the worlds largest music company, lists Eminem, Dr Dre and Limp Bizkit all of whom have been criticized for their violent and misogynist lyrics among its top-grossing artists. And Madonnas 2002 music video What It Feels Like For a Girlcontained such graphic violence that even MTV refused to air it more than once. Video Games Violence in general, and sexual violence in particular, is also a staple of the video game industry. The current trend is for players to be the bad guys, acting out criminal fantasies and earning points for attacking and killing innocent bystanders. Although these games are rated M, for mature audiences, its common knowledge that they are popular among pre-teens and teenaged boys. For example, players in Grand Theft Auto 3 (the best-selling game ever for PlayStation 2) earn points by carjacking, and stealing drugs from street people and pushers. In Carmageddon, players are rewarded for mowing down pedestrians sounds of cracking bones add to the realistic effect. The first-person shooter in Duke Nukem hones his skills by using pornographic posters of women for target practice, and earns bonus points for shooting naked and bound prostitutes and strippers who beg, Kill me. In the game Postal, players act out the part of the Postal Dude, who earns points by randomly shooting everyone who appears including people walking out of church, and members of a high school band. Postal Dude is programmed to say, Only my gun understands me. The level of violence in the gaming habits of young people is disturbingly high. In MNets 2001 study Young Canadians In A Wired World (which found that 32 per cent of kids 9 to 17 are playing video games every day or almost every day), 60 per cent cited action/combat as their favourite genre. Stephen Kline of Simon Fraser University reported similar findings in his 1998 study of over 600 B. C. teens. Twenty-five per cent of the teens he surveyed played between seven and 30 hours a week and when asked for their one favourite game, their choice was overwhelmingly in the action/adventure genre. Web Sites Virtual violence is also readily available on the World Wide Web. Children and young people can download violent lyrics (including lyrics that have been censored from retail versions of songs), and visit Web sites that feature violent images and video clips. Much of the violence is also sexual in nature. For example, the site Who Would You Kill? allows players to select real-life stars of television shows, and then describe how they would kill them off in the series. The entries frequently include bizarre acts of degradation and sexual violence. Murder is also a staple of the Web site newgrounds. com, which features a number of Flash movies showing celebrities being degraded and killed. When MNet surveyed 5,682 Canadian young people in 2001, the newgrounds site ranked twelfth in popularity among 11- and 12-year-old boys. Other popular sites such as gorezone. com and rotten. com feature real-life pictures of accident scenes, torture and mutilation. In 2000, rotten. com was investigated by the FBI for posting photographs depicting cannibalism. Many kids view these sites as the online equivalent of harmless horror movies. But their pervasive combination of violence and sexual imagery is disturbing. Gorezones front-page disclaimer describes the images on its site as sexually oriented and of an erotic nature and then warns viewers that they also contain scenes of death, mutilation and dismemberment. The disclaimer then normalizes this activity by stating, my interest in scenes of death, horrifying photos and sexual matters, which is both healthy and normal, is generally shared by adults in my community. Anecdotal evidence suggests that gore sites are well known to Canadian schoolchildren, although parents and teachers are often unaware of their existence. In MNets 2001 survey, 70 per cent of high school boys said that they had visited such sites. The presence of violence, degradation and cruelty in a range of media means that children are exposed to a continuum of violence, which ranges from the in-your-face attitude of shows like South Park to extreme depictions of misogyny and sadism. Young people generally take the lead when it comes to accessing new media but the MNet survey found that only 16 per cent of children say their parents know a great deal of what they do online. This is particularly problematic, given the results of a 1999 AOL survey which that found online activities are emerging as a central facet of family life; and that a majority of parents believe that